Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky[a 1] (Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or four including Rusyn) living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are: Пётр Ильич Чайковский (help·info), tr. Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the non-Cyrillic letters Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij, IPA [ˈpʲɵtr ɪlʲˈjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj]; May 7, 1840 [O.S. Old Style and New Style (or N.S.) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, April 25] – November 6, 1893 [O.S. Old Style and New Style (or N.S.) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, October 25]),[a 2] often called Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky (pronounced /ˈpiːtər ˈɪlɨtʃ tʃaɪˈkɒvski/) in English, was a Russian composer A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media[clarification needed]. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright[specify] and the of the Romantic Romantic music is a musicological term referring to a particular period, theory, compositional practice, and canon in European music history, from about 1815 to 1910 era. Tchaikovsky wrote music across a range of genres, including symphony In Western classical music, a symphony is an extended musical composition, scored almost always for orchestra. "Symphony" does not necessarily imply a specific form, though most are composed according to the sonata principle. Many symphonies are tonal works in four movements with the first in sonata form, which is often described by, opera, ballet, instrumental An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, singing, or any other sort of vocal input; all of the music is produced by musical instruments, chamber Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small number of performers with one performer to a part. The word "chamber" signifies that the music can be performed in a small and song. He wrote some of the most popular concert and theatrical music in the current classical repertoire, including the ballets Swan Lake Swan Lake is a ballet, op. 20, by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, composed 1875–1876. The scenario, initially in four acts, by Vladimir Begichev and Vasiliy Geltser was fashioned from Russian folk tales as well as an ancient German legend. It tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse. The choreographer of the, The Sleeping Beauty The Sleeping Beauty is a ballet in a prologue and three acts, first performed in 1890. The music was by Pyotr Tchaikovsky (his Opus 66). The score was completed in 1889, and is the second of his three ballets. The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, and is based on Charles Perrault's La Belle au bois Dormant. The choreographer of and The Nutcracker The Nutcracker is a two-act ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky's adaptation of the story "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" by E. T. A. Hoffmann was commissioned by the director of the Imperial Theatres Ivan Vsevolozhsky in 1891. The original production was staged by Marius Petipa on 18 December 1892, premiering on a double-, as well as the 1812 Overture The Year 1812, Festival Overture in E flat major, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture , is an overture written by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1880 to commemorate Russia's defense of Moscow against Napoleon's advancing Grande Armée at the Battle of Borodino in 1812. The overture debuted in the Cathedral of Christ the, his First Piano Concerto The Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 23 was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky between November 1874 and February 1875. It was revised in the summer of 1879 and again in December 1888. It is considered one of the most popular of Tchaikovsky's works and among the best known of all piano concerti, his last three numbered symphonies In Western classical music, a symphony is an extended musical composition, scored almost always for orchestra. "Symphony" does not necessarily imply a specific form, though most are composed according to the sonata principle. Many symphonies are tonal works in four movements with the first in sonata form, which is often described by, and the opera Eugene Onegin.
Born into a middle-class family, Tchaikovsky was educated towards a career as a civil servant, despite the musical precocity he had demonstrated. Against the wishes of his family, he chose to pursue a musical career, and, in 1862, he entered the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, graduating in 1865. The formal, Western-oriented training he received set him apart from the contemporary nationalistic movement embodied by the influential group of young Russian composers known as The Five The Five, also known as The Mighty Handful , refers to a circle of composers who met in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the years 1856-1870: Mily Balakirev (the leader), César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Alexander Borodin. The group had the aim of producing a specifically Russian kind of art music, rather than one that, with whom Tchaikovsky sustained a mixed professional relationship throughout his career.
Although he enjoyed many popular successes, Tchaikovsky was never emotionally secure, and his life was punctuated by personal crises and periods of depression. Contributory factors were his suppressed homosexuality and fear of exposure, his disastrous marriage, and the sudden collapse of the one enduring relationship of his adult life, his 13-year association with the wealthy widow Nadezhda von Meck. Amid private turmoil Tchaikovsky's public reputation grew; he was honored by the Tsar, awarded a lifetime pension and lauded in the concert halls of the world. His sudden death at the age of 53 is generally ascribed to cholera, but some attribute it to suicide Suicide is the act of a human being intentionally causing his or her own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair, or attributed to some underlying mental disorder which includes depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse. Financial difficulties, interpersonal relationships and other undesirable situations play.[1]
Although perennially popular with concert audiences across the world, Tchaikovsky's music was often dismissed by critics in the early and mid-20th century as being vulgar and lacking in elevated thought.[2] By the end of the 20th century, however, Tchaikovsky's status as a significant composer was generally regarded as secure.[3]
Contents |
Life
Ancestry
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk Votkinsk is an industrial town in the Republic of Udmurtia, Russia, located about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) ENE of Moscow. Population: 99,441 (2002 Census); 103,509 (1989 Census). It was the birthplace (7 May, 1840) of the composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky who spent the first eight years of his life here: today the house of his birth contains a, a small town in present-day Udmurtia The Udmurt Republic or Udmurtia (Удму́ртия, Udmurtiya) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its area is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000. Its capital is Izhevsk, formerly the Imperial Russian The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia, and the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It was the second largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen, surpassed only by the Mongol Empire, and the third largest empire the world has ever seen, surpassed province of Vyatka Kirov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kirov, to a family with a long line of military service. His father, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, was an engineer who served as a lieutenant colonel in the Department of Mines[4] and manager of the famed Kamsko-Votkinsk Ironworks.[5] Besides enjoying authority over the iron factories of the Ekaterinburg region, and obtaining a seat on the local magistrate A magistrate is a judicial officer; in ancient Rome, the word magistratus denoted one of the highest government officers with judicial and executive powers. Today, in common law systems, a magistrate has limited law enforcement and administration authority. In civil law systems, a magistrate might be a judge in a superior court; the magistrate's's bench, Ilya Tchaikovsky also commandeered, for a time, a private army of 100 Cossacks.[6][7][8] Of Ilya's four brothers, Pyotr Tchaikovsky's uncles, one was killed in Paris in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the, and a second participated in 52 battles against either the French or the Turks.[9] The composer's grandfather, Pyotr Fyodorovich Chaika (who later changed his surname to Tchaikovsky) was born in 1745 in Nikolaevka, near Poltava Poltava is a city in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Poltava Oblast, as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Poltavskyi Raion within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast. The current estimated population is 313,400 (as of 2004). The city lies on the banks, Ukraine Ukraine (pronounced /juːˈkreɪn/ ew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]), with its area of 600,000 sq km, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and, studied in a seminary in Kiev Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw]; Russian: Киев); see also Cities' alternative names), is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press before receiving medical training in Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург , tr. Sankt-Peterburg, pronounced [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk]) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Petrograd (Russian: Петроград, IPA [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat], 19 and served seven years as a physician's assistant in the Russian Army.[5] In 1785 he was added to the registry of the nobility as a member of the landless gentry, and eventually became city governor (chief of police) of Glazov in Vyatka province.[4][5] The composer's great-grandfather, Fyodor Afanas'evich Chaika, fought under Peter the Great Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 – 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725) ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V at the Battle of Poltava 1st Tönning – Narva – Düna – Erastfer – Hummelshof – Kliszów – Pułtusk – Jēkabpils – Nöteborg – Dorpat – Poznań – Narva (1704) – Punitz – Gemauerthof – Warsaw – Grodno – Fraustadt – Kalisz – Holowczyn – Malatitze – Lesnaya – Koniecpol – Poltava – Perevolochna – Pruth Campaign – Helsingborg in 1709.[10]
The composer's mother, Alexandra Andreyevna née d'Assier, 18 years her husband's junior, was of partial French To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion . According to its principles, France has devoted herself the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live ancestry, and was the second of Ilya's three wives.[5][7] Pyotr Tchaikovsky's brother Modest described her in this way: "From the testimony of people who knew her, she was a tall stately woman, not particularly beautiful, but with an enchanting expression in her eyes, and looks that involuntarily drew one's attention. Certainly all who saw her unaminously affirm that there was something exceptionally attractive about her appearance".[11] The d'Assier family left France in 1789, in the wake of the French Revolution The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political, and eventually settled in Russia, where they became citizens by oath of allegiance to the Imperial Crown. Alexandra Andreyevna's father became a customs official "owing to his excellent social connections and excellent knowledge of almost every European language".[12] After the divorce of her parents and the death of her mother, she was placed in in the Patriotic Institute, a school in Saint Petersburg for orphan girls of noble families.[13] There, she became highly proficient in French and German, a skilled enough pianist to play dances, and a pleasant singer.[14]
Childhood
The Tchaikovsky family in 1848. Left to right: Pyotr, Alexandra Andreyevna (mother), Alexandra (sister), Ippolit, Ilya Petrovich (father).Tchaikovsky was the second eldest of the six children of his father's second marriage. He had four brothers (Nikolai, Ippolit, and twins Anatoly and Modest), and a sister, Alexandra. He also had a half-sister Zinaida from his father's first marriage.[15] Tchaikovsky was particularly close to Alexandra and the twins. Anatoly would later establish a prominent legal career, while Modest would become a dramatist, librettist A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio and cantata, musical, and ballet. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, and translator.[16] Alexandra would marry Lev Davydov[17] and have seven children, one of whom, "Bob", would "become a central figure in the composer's final years".[18] The Davydovs would provide the only real family life Tchaikovsky would know as an adult,[19] and their estate in Kamenka, Ukraine would become a welcome refuge for him during his years of wandering.[19]
In 1843, due to the growth in family responsibilities,[20][21] Tchaikovsky's parents hired a French governess, Fanny Dürbach, a 22-year-old experienced teacher who, Modest later wrote, "knew both French and German equally well, and whose morals were strictly Protestant".[20] While Dürbach had been hired to look after Tchaikovsky's elder brother Nikolai and a Tchaikovsky niece, it was not long before Tchaikovsky became curious about the young woman and, as biographer Anthony Holden wrote, "wormed his way into Fanny Dürbach's affections, and thus into her classes".[22] Dürbach's love and affection for her charge is said to have provided a counter to Tchaikovsky's mother, who is described by Holden as a cold, unhappy, distant parent not given to displays of physical affection.[23] However, Tchaikovsky scholar Alexander Poznansky wrote that the mother doted on her son.[24]
Tchaikovsky began piano lessons at the age of five. A precocious pupil, he could read music as adeptly as his teacher within three years. His parents were extremely supportive of his musical talents, hiring a tutor, buying an orchestrion (a form of barrel organ that could imitate elaborate orchestral effects), and encouraging his study of the piano.[25] However, his parents' passion for his musical talent soon cooled, and, in 1850, the family decided to send Tchaikovsky to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence in Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург , tr. Sankt-Peterburg, pronounced [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk]) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Petrograd (Russian: Петроград, IPA [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat], 19. The school mainly served the lesser nobility, and would prepare him for a career as a civil servant. As the minimum age for acceptance was 12, Tchaikovsky was required to spend two years boarding at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence's preparatory school, 800 miles (1,300 km) from his family.[26] Once those two years had passed, Tchaikovsky transferred to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence to begin a seven-year course of studies.[27]
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4 in A major, Op. 90; Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti's and Vincenzo Tommasini's The Good-Humored Ladies; and Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Capriccio Italien, ...
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Explore the Music Meet the Composers Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840 1893 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Russian o Petr Il i ajkovskij May 7 1840 November 6 1893 also transliterated Piotr Ilitsch Tschaikowski
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Pierre Fournier, Main Artist Eugene Bigot, Artist Orchestre Colonne, Artist . Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. , Composer Pierre Fournier, Main Artist, Cello Rafael Kubelik, Main Artist, Conductor Philharmonia Orchestra, Main Artist, ...
