MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface, pronounced /ˈmɪdi/) is an industry-standard protocol In the field of telecommunications, a communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel. An example of a simple communications protocol adapted to voice communication is the case of a radio dispatcher talking to defined in 1982 1982 was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar)[1] that enables electronic musical instruments An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. In contrast, the term electric instrument is used to mean instruments whose sound is produced mechanically, and only amplified or altered electronically - for example an electric guitar such as keyboard controllers, computers A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other. MIDI allows computers A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions, synthesizers A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that is capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequencies. Synthesizers create electrical signals, rather than direct acoustic sounds, which are then played through a loudspeaker or set of headphones, MIDI controllers Modifiers such as modulation wheels, pitch bend wheels, sustain pedals, pitch sliders, buttons, knobs, faders, switches, ribbon controllers, etc., alter an instrument's state of operation, and thus can be used to modify sounds or other parameters of music performance in real time via MIDI connections. The 128 virtual MIDI controllers and their, sound cards A sound card is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education, and entertainment (, samplers A sampler is an electronic musical instrument closely related to a synthesizer. Instead of generating sounds from scratch, however, a sampler starts with multiple recordings of different sounds added by the user, and then plays each back based on how the instrument is configured. Because these samples are usually stored in RAM, the information can and drum machines A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums and/or other percussion instruments. Drum machines are very useful instruments for a wide variety of musical genres, not just purely electronic music. They are also a common necessity when session drummers are not available or desired to control one another, and to exchange system data (acting as a raw data encapsulation method for sysex commands). MIDI does not transmit an audio signal or media — it transmits "event messages" such as the pitch Pitch represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. It is one of the three major auditory attributes of sounds along with loudness and timbre. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as partials, harmonic or and intensity of musical notes to play, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato Vibrato is a musical effect, produced in singing and on musical instruments by a regular pulsating change of pitch, and is used to add expression and vocal-like qualities to instrumental music. Vibrato can be characterised by the amount of pitch variation and speed with which the pitch is varied ("speed of vibrato") and panning Panning is the spread of a monaural signal in a stereo or multi-channel sound field. A typical pan control is constant power. At one extreme, the sound appears in only one channel. In the middle, the sound is decreased in that channel by three dB, and the other channel is brought up to the same level, so that the overall sound power level is, cues A theatrical cue is the trigger for an action to be carried out at a specific time. It is generally associated with theatre and the film industry. They can be necessary for a lighting change or effect, a sound effect, or some sort of stage or set movement/change, and clock signals to set the tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. It is a crucial element of composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece. The plural of tempo is tempi. As an electronic protocol, it is notable for its widespread adoption throughout the industry.

Note names and MIDI note numbers.

All MIDI compatible controllers, musical instruments, and MIDI-compatible software Originally, music sequencers did not include the ability to record audio. Instead, they managed control information to be sent to electronic musical instruments to produce audio output. Most modern sequencers now feature audio editing and processing capabilities as well. Consequently, the terms "music sequencer" and "digital audio follow the same MIDI 1.0 specification, and thus interpret any given MIDI message the same way, and so can communicate with and understand each other. MIDI composition and arrangement takes advantage of MIDI 1.0 and General MIDI (GM) technology to allow musical data files to be shared among many different files due to some incompatibility with various electronic instruments by using a standard, portable set of commands and parameters. Because the music is simply data rather than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by comparison.

Contents

History

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (July 2008)

By the end of the 1970s, electronic musical devices were becoming increasingly common and affordable. However, devices from different manufacturers were generally not compatible with each other and could not be interconnected. Different interfacing models included analog control voltages at various standards (such as 1 volt The volt is the SI derived unit of electromotive force, commonly called "voltage (difference)". It is also the unit for the related but slightly different quantity electric potential difference (also called "electrostatic potential difference"). It is named in honor of the Lombard physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who per octave In music, an octave ( Play , is the interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. The octave "relationship" is a natural phenomenon which has been referred to as the 'basic miracle of music,'" the use of which is "common in most musical systems."(Cooper 1973, p.16), or the logarithmic "hertz The hertz is a unit of frequency. It is defined as the number of cycles per second. It is the basic unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts. Hertz can be used to measure any periodic event; the most common uses for hertz are to describe radio and audio per volt"); analog clock, trigger and "gate" signals (both positive "V-trig" and negative "S-trig" varieties, between −15V to +15V); and proprietary digital interfaces such as Roland Corporation Roland Corporation TYO: 7944 is a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment and software. It was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka on April 18, 1972, with ¥33 million in capital. In 2005 Roland's headquarters relocated to Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture. Today it has factories in Japan, the United States,'s DCB (digital control bus), the Oberheim Oberheim Electronics is a company, founded in 1973 by Tom Oberheim , which manufactured audio synthesizers and a variety of other electronic musical instruments. Originally a manufacturer of electronic effects devices, and briefly an ARP Instruments dealer, Oberheim went on to create several ground-breaking products in the early days of system, and Yamaha The Yamaha Corporation (TYO: 7951) is a multinational corporation and conglomerate based in Japan with a wide range of products and services, predominantly musical instruments, motorcycles, powersports equipment, and electronics's "keycode" system. In 1981, audio engineer and synthesizer designer Dave Smith Dave Smith is known as the pioneer of the first polyphonic and microprocessor-controlled synthesizer, the industry-changing Prophet 5, and later the driving force behind the generation of the Musical Instrument Digital Interface specification, which has since become standard to all modern synthesizers. He coined the acronym in 1981 and presented of Sequential Circuits, Inc. proposed a digital standard for musical instruments in a paper for the Audio Engineering Society Established in 1948, the Audio Engineering Society draws its membership from amongst engineers, scientists, manufacturers and other organizations and individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. They are mainly engineers developing devices or products for audio, and also people working in audio content production. The MIDI Specification 1.0 was published in August 1983.

Since then, MIDI technology has been standardized and is maintained by the MIDI Manufacturers Association The MIDI Manufacturers Association, also known as MMA is an organization where companies work together to create the standards that assure compatibility among MIDI products. Since 1985 the MMA has produced 11 new specifications and adopted 38 sets of enhancements to MIDI (MMA). All official MIDI standards are jointly developed and published by the MMA in Los Angeles, California Los Angeles is the largest city in the state of California and the second largest in the United States. Often abbreviated as L.A. and nicknamed The City of Angels, Los Angeles has an estimated population of 3.8 million and spans over 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2) in Southern California. Additionally, the Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to, USA (http://www.midi.org), and for Japan, the MIDI Committee of the Association of Musical Electronic Industry (AMEI) in Tokyo (http://www.amei.or.jp). The primary reference for MIDI is The Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification, document version 96.1, available only from MMA in English, or from AMEI in Japanese. Though the MMA site formerly offered free downloads of all midi specifications, links to the basic and general detailed specs have been removed, ostensibly in the hope that visitors will buy their expensive printed documents. However, considerable ancillary material is available at no cost on the website.

In the early 1980s, MIDI was a major factor in bringing an end to the "wall of synthesizers" phenomenon in progressive rock band concerts, when keyboard A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a musical keyboard. The most common of these is the piano. Other widely used keyboard instruments include various types of organs as well as other mechanical, electromechanical and electronic instruments. In common language, it is mostly used to refer to keyboard-style synthesizers performers were often hidden behind huge banks of analog synthesizers and electric pianos. Following the advent of MIDI, many synthesizers were released in rack-mount A 19-inch rack is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is 19 inches wide, including edges or ears that protrude on each side which allow the module to be fastened to the rack frame with screws versions, which meant that keyboardists could control many different instruments (e.g., synthesizers) from a single keyboard A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument, particularly the piano. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the interval of an octave. Depressing a key on the.

In the 1980s, MIDI facilitated the development of hardware and computer-based sequencers Originally, music sequencers did not include the ability to record audio. Instead, they managed control information to be sent to electronic musical instruments to produce audio output. Most modern sequencers now feature audio editing and processing capabilities as well. Consequently, the terms "music sequencer" and "digital audio, which can be used to record, edit and play back performances. In the years immediately after the 1983 ratification of the MIDI specification, MIDI interfaces were released for the Apple Macintosh Macintosh, or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The Macintosh was introduced on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface, Commodore 64 The Commodore 64 is an 8-bit home computer released by Commodore International in August, 1982, at a price of 595 USD. Preceded by the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore MAX Machine, the C64 features 64 kilobytes of RAM with sound and graphics performance that were superior to IBM-compatible computers of that time. It is commonly known as the C64 or C=, Commodore Amiga The Amiga is a family of personal computers originally developed by Amiga Corporation. Development on the Amiga began in 1982 with Jay Miner as the principal hardware designer. Commodore International bought Amiga Corporation and introduced the machine to the market in 1985. The name Amiga was chosen by the developers specifically from the Spanish and the PC-DOS IBM PC DOS is a freeware DOS operating system for the IBM Personal Computer, sold throughout the 1980s and 2000s platform, allowing for the development of a market for powerful, inexpensive, and now-widespread computer-based MIDI sequencers. The Atari ST The Atari ST is a home/personal computer that was commercially available from 1985 to the early 1990s. It was released by Atari Corporation in 1985. The "ST" officially stands for "Sixteen/Thirty-two", which referred to the Motorola 68000's 16-bit external bus and 32-bit internals came equipped with MIDI ports as standard, and was commonly used in recording studios for this reason. Synchronization of MIDI sequences is made possible by the use of MIDI timecode MIDI time code embeds the same timing information as standard SMPTE time code as a series of small 'quarter-frame' MIDI messages. There is no provision for the user bits in the standard MIDI time code messages, and SysEx messages are used to carry this information instead. The quarter-frame messages are transmitted in a sequence of eight messages,, an implementation of the SMPTE time code SMPTE timecode is a set of cooperating standards to label individual frames of video or film with a timecode defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers in the SMPTE 12M specification. SMPTE revised the standard in 2008, turning it into a two part document: SMPTE 12M-1 and SMPTE 12M-2. Important clarifications and standard using MIDI messages, and MIDI timecode has become the standard for digital A digital system is a data technology that uses discrete values represented by high and low states known as bits. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers, letters or music synchronization.

In 1991, the MIDI Show Control MIDI Show Control, or MSC, is a significant Real Time System Exclusive extension of the international Musical Instrument Digital Interface standard. MSC enables all types of entertainment equipment to easily communicate with each other through the process of show control (MSC) protocol (in the Real Time System Exclusive subset) was ratified by the MIDI Manufacturers Association The MIDI Manufacturers Association, also known as MMA is an organization where companies work together to create the standards that assure compatibility among MIDI products. Since 1985 the MMA has produced 11 new specifications and adopted 38 sets of enhancements to MIDI. The MSC protocol is an industry standard which allows all types of media control devices to talk with each other and with computers to perform show control Show control is the use of technology to link together and operate multiple entertainment control systems in a coordinated manner. It is distinguished from entertainment control , which coordinates elements within a single entertainment discipline such as lighting, sound, video, rigging or pyrotechnics. An example of show control would be linking functions in live and canned entertainment Entertainment is an activity designed to give people a diversion. It is usually conducted in one's free time. An audience may participate in the entertainment passively as in watching opera or a movie, or actively as in games applications. Just like musical MIDI (above), MSC does not transmit the actual show media — it simply transmits digital data providing information such as the type, timing and numbering of technical cues A theatrical cue is the trigger for an action to be carried out at a specific time. It is generally associated with theatre and the film industry. They can be necessary for a lighting change or effect, a sound effect, or some sort of stage or set movement/change called during a multimedia Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, or live theatre Theatre is the branch of the performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one or more persons, isolated in time and/or space, present themselves to another or others." By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for storytelling. Since its inception, theatre has performance.

A number of music file formats Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information. Within any format type, e.g., word processor documents, there will typically be several different formats. Sometimes have been based on the MIDI bytestream. These formats are very compact; a file as small as 10 KiB can produce a full minute of music or more due to the fact that the file stores instructions on how to recreate the sound based on synthesis with a MIDI synthesizer rather than an exact waveform to be reproduced. A MIDI synthesizer could be built into an operating system, sound card, embedded device (e.g. hardware-based synthesizer) or a software-based synthesizer. The file format stores information on what note to play and when, or other important information such as possible pitch-bend during the envelope of the note or the note's velocity.

This is advantageous for applications such as mobile phone ringtones A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call or text message. The term is a misnomer, as it is often used to refer to any ring sound, almost all of which are not tones. The term is most often used to refer to the customizable sounds used on mobile phones, and some video games A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The word video in video game traditionally referred to a raster display device. However, with the popular use of the term "video game", it now implies any type of display device. The electronic systems used to; however, it may be a disadvantage to other applications in that the information is not able to guarantee an accurate waveform will be heard by the intended listener, because each MIDI synthesizer will have its own methods for producing the sound from the MIDI instructions provided. One example is that any MIDI file played back through the Microsoft MIDI General MIDI or GM is a standardized specification for music synthesizers that respond to MIDI messages. GM was developed by the MIDI Manufacturers Association and the Japan MIDI Standards Committee (JMSC) and first published in 1991. The official specification is available in English from the MMA, bound together with the MIDI 1.0 specification, Synthesizer (included in any Windows operating system) should sound the same or similar, but when the same MIDI bytestream is output to a synthesizer on a generic sound card or even a MIDI synthesizer on another operating system, the actual heard and rendered sound may vary. One sound card's synthesizer might not reproduce the exact sounds of another synthesizer.

As such, MIDI-based mobile phone ring tones sound different on a handset than when previewed on a PC. In the same way, most modern software synthesizers can handle MIDI files but might render them completely differently from another synthesizer, especially since most modern software synthesizers such as a VST Instrument Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology is an interface for integrating software audio synthesizer and effect plugins with audio editors and hard-disk recording systems. VST and similar technologies use Digital Signal Processing to simulate traditional recording studio hardware with software. Thousands of plugins exist, both commercial and freeware, tend to allow the loading of different patches and the modification of these patches to create different sounds for each MIDI input. The term "MIDI sound" has gotten a poor reputation from some critics, which may be the result of the poor quality sound synthesis provided by many early sound cards, which relied on FM synthesis instead of wavetables to produce audio.

Interfaces

MIDI connector diagram

The physical MIDI interface uses DIN 5/180° connectors. Opto-isolating connections are used, to prevent ground loops occurring among connected MIDI devices. Logically, MIDI is based on a ring network topology, with a transceiver inside each device. The transceivers physically and logically separate the input and output lines, meaning that MIDI messages received by a device in the network not intended for that device will be re-transmitted on the output line (MIDI-OUT). This introduces a delay, one that is long enough to become audible on larger MIDI rings.

MIDI-THRU ports started to be added to MIDI-compatible equipment soon after the introduction of MIDI, in order to improve performance. The MIDI-THRU port avoids the aforementioned retransmission delay by linking the MIDI-THRU port to the MIDI-IN socket almost directly. The difference between the MIDI-OUT and MIDI-THRU ports is that data coming from the MIDI-OUT port has been generated on the device containing that port. Data that comes out of a device's MIDI-THRU port, however, is an exact duplicate of the data received at the MIDI-IN port.

Such chaining together of instruments via MIDI-THRU ports is unnecessary with the use of MIDI "patch bay," "mult" or "Thru" modules consisting of a MIDI-IN connector and multiple MIDI-OUT connectors to which multiple instruments are connected. Some equipment has the ability to merge MIDI messages into one stream, but this is a specialized function and is not universal to all equipment. MIDI Thru Boxes clean up any skewing of MIDI data bits that might occur at the input stage. MIDI Merger boxes merge all MIDI messages appearing at either of its two inputs to its output, which allows a musician to plug in several MIDI controllers (e.g., two musical keyboards and a pedal keyboard) to a single synth voice device such as an EMU or Proteus.

All MIDI compatible instruments have a built-in MIDI interface. Some computers' sound cards have a built-in MIDI Interface, whereas others require an external MIDI Interface which is connected to the computer via the newer D-subminiatureDA-15 game port, a USB connector or by FireWire or ethernet. MIDI connectors are defined by the MIDI interface standard. In the 2000s, as computer equipment increasingly used USB connectors, companies began making USB-to-MIDI audio interfaces which can transfer MIDI channels to USB-equipped computers. As well, due to the increasing use of computers for music-making and composition, some MIDI keyboard controllers were equipped with USB jacks, so that they can be plugged into computers that are running "software synths" or other music software.

Controllers

In popular parlance, piano-style musical keyboards are called "keyboards", regardless of their functions or type. Amongst MIDI enthusiasts, however, keyboards and other devices used to trigger musical sounds are called "controllers", because with most MIDI set-ups, the keyboard or other device does not make any sounds by itself. MIDI controllers need to be connected to a voice bank or sound module in order to produce musical tones or sounds; the keyboard or other device is "controlling" the voice bank or sound module by acting as a trigger. The most common MIDI controller is the piano-style keyboard, either with weighted or semi-weighted keys, or with unweighted synth-style keys. Keyboard-style MIDI controllers are sold with as few as 25 keys (2 octaves), with larger models such as 49 keys, 61 keys, or even the full 88 keys being available.

MIDI controllers are also available in a range of other forms, such as electronic drum triggers; pedal keyboards that are played with the feet (e.g., with an organ); EWI wind controllers for performing saxophone-style music; and MIDI guitar synthesizer controllers. EWI, which stands for Electronic Wind Instrument, is designed for performers who want to play saxophone, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and other wind instrument sounds with a synthesizer module. When wind instruments are played using a MIDI keyboard, it is hard to reproduce the expressive control found on wind instruments that can be generated with the wind pressure and embouchure. The EWI has an air-pressure level sensor and bite sensor in the mouthpiece, 13 touch sensors arrayed along the side of the controller, in a similar location to where sax keys are placed, and touch sensors for octaves and bends.

Pad controllers are used by musicians and DJs who make music through use of sampled sounds or short samples of music. Pad controllers often have banks of assignable pads and assignable faders and knobs for transmitting MIDI data or changes; the better-quality models are velocity-sensitive. More rarely, some performers use more specialized MIDI controllers, such as triggers that are affixed to their clothing or stage items (e.g., magicians Penn and Teller's stage show). A MIDI footcontroller is pedalboard-style device with rows of footswitches that control banks of presets, MIDI program change commands and send MIDI note numbers (some also do MIDI merges). Another specialized type of controller is the drawbar controller; it is designed for Hammond organ players who have MIDI-equipped organ voice modules. The drawbar controller provides the keyboard player with many of the controls which are found on a vintage 1940s or 1950s Hammond organ, including harmonic drawbars, a rotating speaker speed control switch, vibrato and chorus knobs, and percussion and overdrive controls. As with all controllers, the drawbar controller does not produce any sounds by itself; it only controls a voice module or software sound device.

While most controllers do not produce sounds, there are some exceptions. Some controller keyboards called "performance controllers" have MIDI-assignable keys, sliders, and knobs, which allow the controller to be used with a range of software synthesizers or voice modules; yet at the same time, the controller also has an internal voice module which supplies keyboard instrument sounds (piano, electric piano, clavichord), sampled or synthesized voices (strings, woodwinds), and Digital Signal Processing (distortion, compression, flanging, etc). These controller keyboards are designed to allow the performer to choose between the internal voices or external modules.

Messages

All MIDI compatible controllers, musical instruments, and MIDI-compatible software follow the same MIDI 1.0 specification, and thus interpret any given MIDI message the same way, and so can communicate with and understand each other. For example, if a note is played on a MIDI controller, it will sound at the right pitch on any MIDI instrument whose MIDI In connector is connected to the controller's MIDI Out connector.

When a musical performance is played on a MIDI instrument (or controller) it transmits MIDI channel messages from its MIDI Out connector. A typical MIDI channel message sequence corresponding to a key being struck and released on a keyboard is:

  1. The user presses the middle C key with a specific velocity (which is usually translated into the volume of the note but can also be used by the synthesiser to set characteristics of the timbre as well). The instrument sends one Note-On message.
  2. The user changes the pressure applied on the key while holding it down - a technique called Aftertouch (can be repeated, optional). The instrument sends one or more Aftertouch messages.
  3. The user releases the middle C key, again with the possibility of velocity of release controlling some parameters. The instrument sends one Note-Off message.

Note-On, Aftertouch, and Note-Off are all channel messages. For the Note-On and Note-Off messages, the MIDI specification defines a number (from 0–127) for every possible note pitch (C, C♯, D etc.), and this number is included in the message.

Other performance parameters can be transmitted with channel messages, too. For example, if the user turns the pitch wheel on the instrument, that gesture is transmitted over MIDI using a series of Pitch Bend messages (also a channel message). The musical instrument generates the messages autonomously; all the musician has to do is play the notes (or make some other gesture that produces MIDI messages). This consistent, automated abstraction of the musical gesture could be considered the core of the MIDI standard.

Composition

MIDI composition and arrangement takes advantage of MIDI 1.0 and General MIDI (GM) technology to allow musical data files to be shared among various electronic instruments by using a standard, portable set of commands and parameters. Because the music is simply data rather than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by comparison. Several computer programs allow manipulation of the musical data such that composing for an entire orchestra of synthesized instrument sounds is possible. The data can be saved as a Standard MIDI File (SMF), digitally distributed, and then reproduced by any computer or electronic instrument that also adheres to the same MIDI, GM, and SMF standards. There are many websites offering downloads of popular songs as well as classical music in SMF and GM form, and there are also websites where MIDI composers can share their works in that same format.

Many people believe that the Standard MIDI File as a music distribution format used to be much more attractive to computer users before broadband internet became available to "the masses", due to its small file size. Also, the advent of high quality audio compression such as the MP3 format has decreased the relative size advantages of MIDI music to some degree, though MP3 is still much larger than SMF.

File formats

Standard MIDI File (SMF) Format

MIDI messages (along with timing information) can be collected and stored in a computer file system, in what is commonly called a MIDI file, or more formally, a Standard MIDI File (SMF). The SMF specification was developed by, and is maintained by, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). MIDI files are typically created using computer-based sequencing software (or sometimes a hardware-based MIDI instrument or workstation) that organizes MIDI messages into one or more parallel "tracks" for independent recording and editing. In most sequencers, each track is assigned to a specific MIDI channel and/or a specific instrument patch; if the attached music synthesizer has a known instrument palette (for example because it conforms to the General MIDI standard), then the instrument for each track may be selected by name. Although most current MIDI sequencer software uses proprietary "session file" formats rather than SMF, almost all sequencers provide export or "Save As..." support for the SMF format.

An SMF consists of one header chunk and one or more track chunks. There exist three different SMF formats; the format of a given SMF is specified in its file header. A Format 0 file contains a single track and represents a single song performance. Format 1 may contain any number of tracks, enabling preservation of the sequencer track structure, and also represents a single song performance. Format 2 may have any number of tracks, each representing a separate song performance. Sequencers do not commonly support Format 2. Large collections of SMFs can be found on the web, most commonly with the extension .mid. These files are most frequently authored with the (rather dubious) assumption that they will be only ever be played on General MIDI players.

MIDI Karaoke File (.KAR) Format

MIDI-Karaoke (which uses the ".kar" file extension) files are an "unofficial" extension of MIDI files, used to add synchronized lyrics to standard MIDI files. SMF players play the music as they would a .mid file but do not display these lyrics unless they have specific support for .kar messages. These often display the lyrics synchronized with the music in "follow-the-bouncing-ball" fashion, essentially turning any PC into a karaoke machine. None of the MIDI-Karaoke file formats are maintained by any standardization body.

XMF File Formats

The MMA has also defined (and AMEI has approved) a new family of file formats, XMF (eXtensible Music File), some of which package SMF chunks with instrument data in DLS format (Downloadable Sounds, also an MMA/AMEI specification), to much the same effect as the MOD file format. The XMF container is a binary format (not XML-based, although the file extensions are similar). See the main article Extensible Music Format (XMF).

RIFF-RMID File Format

On Microsoft Windows, the system itself uses proprietary RIFF-based MIDI files with the ".rmi" extension. Note, Standard MIDI Files are not RIFF-compliant. A RIFF-RMID file, however, is simply a Standard MIDI File wrapped in a RIFF chunk. By extracting the data part of the RIFF-RMID chunk, the result will be a regular Standard MIDI File. RIFF-RMID is not an official MMA/AMEI MIDI standard.

Extended RMID File Format

In recommended practice RP-29 ([1]), the MMA defined a method for bundling one Standard MIDI file (SMF) image with one Downloadable Sounds (DLS) image using the RIFF container technology. However, this method was deprecated when the MMA introduced the Extensible Music Format (XMF), which because of its many additional features is generally preferred for MIDI-related resource bundling purposes going forward.

Extended MIDI File (.XMI) Format

The XMI format is a proprietary extension of the SMF format introduced by the Miles Sound System, a middleware driver library targeted at PC games. XMI is not an official MMA/AMEI MIDI standard.

Usage and applications

Main article: MIDI usage and applications

Extensions of the MIDI standard

Many extensions of the original official MIDI 1.0 spec have been standardized by MMA/JMSC. Only a few of them are described here; for more comprehensive information, see the MMA web site.

General MIDI

The General MIDI Level 1 ("GM") specification defines feature set important for MIDI content interoperability across multiple players. It addresses the indeterminacy of the basic MIDI 1.0 protocol standard regarding the meaning and behaviour of Program Change and Control Change messages. Without GM, different synthesizers can, and actually do, sound completely different in response to the same MIDI messages.

The GM standard mandates:

General MIDI 1 was introduced in 1991.

GM Common Misconceptions

Although the GM and GM2 specifications are dependent on the basic MIDI 1.0 protocol specification, they are separate standards from MIDI 1.0. As a result, MIDI products may legitimately implement MIDI 1.0 but not GM and/or GM2. Although GM is an important feature for MIDI content interoperability across multiple players, many important MIDI applications do not require such interoperability. For example, MIDI and the SMF format are used in professional music recording production where the MIDI file content will never be distributed and custom or specialized synthesizers are used much more commonly than GM or GM2. As a direct consequence, not all SMF content is authored for GM or GM2 synthesizers. Because playing any SMF or MIDI message stream on a different synthesizer(s) than originally intended risks the generation of unintended and incorrect sounds, it is not generally safe to merely assume that any given MIDI message stream or MIDI file is intended for GM or GM2 synthesizers. In particular it is frequently assumed, incorrectly, that all or nearly all SMF content necessarily relies on the player using a GM or GM2 synthesizer, however because there is no such dependency in the actual MMA/AMEI specifications and it is also quite legitimate for SMF content to be written for non-GM synthesizers, this assumption is not reliable.

Unfortunately, there is currently no technical standard for indicating in advance what kind of synthesizer(s) a given SMF or MIDI message stream is intended to drive (with the exception of RTP MIDI and the audio/sp-midi MIME type definition).

GS and XG

To improve upon the General MIDI Standard and take advantage of the advancements in newer synthesizers, both Roland (GS) and Yamaha (XG) introduced proprietary specifications and numerous products with stricter requirements, new features, and backward compatibility with the GM specification. GS and XG are not compatible with each other, are not official MMA/AMEI MIDI standards, and adoption of each has been generally limited to the respective manufacturer.

General MIDI Level 2

Later, companies in Japan's Association of Musical Electronics Industry (sic) (AMEI) developed General MIDI Level 2 (GM2), incorporating and harmonizing aspects of the Yamaha XG and Roland GS formats, further extending the instrument palette, specifying more message responses in detail, and defining new messages for custom tuning scales and other new functionality. The GM2 specs are maintained and published by the MMA and AMEI. General MIDI 2 was introduced in 1999 and is commonly implemented in some newer synthesizers.

SP-MIDI

Later still, GM2 became the basis of the instrument selection mechanism in Scalable Polyphony MIDI (SP-MIDI), a MIDI variant for mobile applications where different players may have different numbers of musical voices. SP-MIDI is a component of the 3GPP mobile phone terminal multimedia architecture, starting from release 5.

GM, GM2, and SP-MIDI are also the basis for selecting player-provided instruments in several of the MMA/AMEI XMF file formats (XMF Type 0, Type 1, and Mobile XMF), which allow extending the instrument palette with custom instruments in the Downloadable Sound (DLS) formats, addressing another major GM shortcoming.

Alternative Tunings

By convention, most MIDI synthesizers generally default to the conventional Western 12-pitch-per-octave, equal-temperament tuning system. Unfortunately, this tuning system makes many types of music inaccessible, because they depend on different intonation systems. To address this issue in a standardized manner, in 1992 the MMA ratified the MIDI Tuning Standard, or MTS. Instruments that support the MTS standard can be tuned to any desired tuning system by sending the MTS System Exclusive message (a Non-Real Time Sys Ex).

The MTS SysEx message uses a three-byte number format to specify a pitch in logarithmic form. This pitch number can be thought of as a three-digit number in base 128. To find the value of the pitch number p that encodes a given frequency f, use the following formula:

For a note in A440 equal temperament, this formula delivers the standard MIDI note number as used in the Note On and Note Off messages. Any other frequencies fill the space evenly. While support for MTS is at present not particularly widespread in commercial hardware instruments, it is nonetheless supported by some instruments and software, for example the free software programs TiMidity and Scala, as well as other microtuners.

MIDI Show Control

Main article: MIDI Show Control

The MIDI Show Control (MSC) protocol (in the Real Time System Exclusive subset) is an industry standard ratified by the MIDI Manufacturers Association in 1991 which allows all types of media control devices to talk with each other and with computers to perform show control functions in live and canned entertainment applications. Just like musical MIDI (above), MSC does not transmit the actual show media — it simply transmits digital data providing information such as the type, timing and numbering of technical cues called during a multimedia or live theatre performance.

Console Automation

Audio mixers can be controlled with MIDI during console automation.

Alternate hardware transports

In addition to the original 31.25 Kbits/sec (baud is the signalling rate and is the reciprocal of the shortest signalling element; bits/sec is the data rate) current-loop transported on 5-pin DIN, other connectors have been used for the same electrical data, and transmission of MIDI streams in different forms over USB, IEEE 1394 a.k.a FireWire, and Ethernet is now common (see below).

XLR3

Some early MIDI implementations used XLR3 connectors in place of the 5-pin DIN. The use of XLR3 connectors allowed the use of standard low-impedance microphone cables as MIDI cables. As the 31.25 Kbits/sec current-loop requires only three conductors, there was no problem with the loss of two pins. An example of this use is the Octave-Plateau Voyetra-8 synthesizer.

Over Ethernet

Compared to USB or FireWire, the Ethernet implementation of MIDI provides network routing capabilities, which are extremely useful in studio or stage environments (USB and FireWire are restricted to connections between one computer and some devices and do not provide any routing capabilities). Ethernet is moreover capable of providing the high-bandwidth channel that earlier alternatives to MIDI (such as ZIPI) were intended to bring.

After the initial fight between different protocols (IEEE-P1639, MIDI-LAN, IETF RTP-MIDI), it appears that IETF's RTP MIDI specification for transport of MIDI streams over Ethernet and Internet is now spreading faster and faster since more and more manufacturers are integrating RTP-MIDI in their products (Apple, CME, Kiss-Box, etc.). Mac OS X, Windows and Linux drivers are also available to make RTP MIDI devices appear as standard MIDI devices within these operating systems. IEEE-P1639 is now a dead project. The other proprietary MIDI/IP protocols are slowly disappearing one after the other, since most of them require expensive licensing to be implemented (while RTP MIDI is completely opened) or the MIDI implementation does not bring any real advantage (apart from speed) over original MIDI protocol.

RTP-MIDI transport protocol

The RTP-MIDI protocol has been officially released in public domain by IETF in December 2006 (IETF RFC4695).[2] RTP-MIDI relies on the well-known RTP (Real Time Protocol) layer (most often running over UDP, but compatible with TCP also), widely used for real-time audio and video streaming over networks. The RTP layer is easy to implement and requires very little power from the microprocessor, while providing very useful information to the receiver (network latency, dropped packet detection, reordered packets, etc.). RTP-MIDI defines a specific payload type, that allows the receiver to identify MIDI streams.

RTP-MIDI does not alter the MIDI messages in any way (all messages defined in the MIDI norm are transported transparently over the network), but it adds additional features such as timestamping and sysex fragmentation. RTP-MIDI also adds a powerful 'journalling' mechanism that allows the receiver to detect and correct dropped MIDI messages.The first part of RTP-MIDI specification is mandatory for implementors and describes how MIDI messages are encapsulated within the RTP telegram. It also describes how the journalling system works. The journalling system is not mandatory (journalling is not very useful for LAN applications, but it is very important for WAN applications).

The second part of RTP-MIDI specification describes the session control mechanisms that allow multiple stations to synchronize across the network to exchange RTP-MIDI telegrams. This part is informational only, and it is not required.

RTP-MIDI is included in Apple's Mac OS X, as standard MIDI ports (the RTP-MIDI ports appear in Macintosh applications as any other USB or FireWire port. Thus, any MIDI application running on Mac OS X is able to use the RTP-MIDI capabilities in a transparent way). However, Apple's developers considered the session control protocol described in IETF's specification to be too complex, and they created their own session control protocol. Since the session protocol uses a UDP port different from the main RTP-MIDI stream port, the two protocols do not interfere (so the RTP-MIDI implementation in Mac OS X fully complies to the IETF specification).

Apple's implementation has been used as reference by other MIDI manufacturers. A Windows XP RTP-MIDI driver[3] for their own products only has been released by the Dutch company Kiss-Box and a Linux implementation is currently under development by the Grame association.[4] So it seems probable that the Apple's implementation will become the "de-facto" standard (and could even become the MMA reference implementation).

Converting instruments to MIDI

Some older instruments, for example electronic organs built in the 1970s and 1980s, are becoming beyond repair, due to lack of spares and/or of technicians trained on such equipment. The best candidates for upgrade are what are referred to as "Console" sized, or have at least 2x keyboards of 61 notes, and at least a 25 note (preferably 32 note concave) pedal board. Smaller "Spinet" sized organs are probably not worth the effort to convert.

In some cases, they can be modified to become to MIDI instruments. Terms coined from MIDI + modification are often used, such as midification or to midify.

An old electronic organ could have almost all of its discrete component electronics replaced by modern circuitry which will cause the instrument to output MIDI signals. The instrument would then become a specialised MIDI keyboard. Its MIDI output would need to be fed to a MIDI engine of some sort.

See for example: Midification of an Organ

Other applications

MIDI 1.0 is also used as a control protocol in applications other than music, including:

Such non-musical applications of the MIDI 1.0 protocol (sometimes over MIDI-DIN, sometimes using other transports) are possible because of its general-purpose nature. Any device built with a standard MIDI Out connector should in theory be able to control any other device with a MIDI In port, just as long as the developers of both devices have the same understanding about the semantic meaning of all the MIDI messages the sending device emits. This agreement can come either because both follow the official MIDI standard specifications, or else in the case of any non-standard functionality, because the message meanings are directly agreed upon by the two manufacturers.

Beyond MIDI 1.0

Although traditional MIDI connections work well for most purposes, a number of newer message protocols and hardware transports have been proposed over the years to try to take the idea to the next level. Some of the more notable efforts include:

OSC

The Open Sound Control (OSC) protocol was developed at CNMAT. OSC has been implemented in the well-known software synthesizer Reaktor and in other innovative projects including SuperCollider, Pure Data, Isadora, Max/MSP, Csound, vvvv and ChucK. The Lemur Input Device, a customizable touch panel with MIDI controller-type functions, also uses OSC. OSC differs from MIDI 1.0 over traditional 5-pin DIN in that it can run at broadband speeds when sent over Ethernet connections, however the differences are smaller compared to MIDI when run at broadband speeds over Ethernet connections. Few mainstream musical applications and no standalone instruments support the protocol so far, making whole-studio interoperability problematic. OSC is not owned by any private company, however it is also not maintained by any standards organization. Since September 2007, there is a proposal for a common namespace within OSC[5] for communication between and controllers, synthesizers and hosts, however this too would not be maintained by any standards organization.

mLAN

Yamaha has its mLAN protocol, which is based on the IEEE 1394 transport (also known as FireWire) and carries multiple MIDI 1.0 message channels and multiple audio channels. mLAN is not maintained by a standards organization as it is a proprietary protocol. mLAN is open for licensing, although covered by patents owned by Yamaha.

HD Protocol

Development of a version of MIDI for new products which is fully backward compatible is now under discussion in the MMA. First announced as "HD-MIDI" in 2005 and tentatively called "HD Protocol" since 2008, this new standard would support modern high-speed transports, provide greater range and/or resolution in data values, increase the number of Channels, and support the future introduction of entirely new kinds of messages. Representatives from all sizes and types of companies are involved, from the smallest speciality show control operations to the largest musical equipment manufacturers. No technical details or projected completion dates have been announced.[6][7] Various transports have been proposed for use for the HD-Protocol physical layer, including a call for ACN to be used as the sole or primary transport in show control environments.

MIDI software

Further information: List of MIDI editors and sequencers Further information: MIDI Show Control#MIDI Show Control software

Example Standard MIDI files

See also

References

  1. ^ "midi-standards-a-brief-history-and-explanation". http://mustech.net/2006/09/15/midi-standards-a-brief-history-and-explanation.
  2. ^ IETF RTP-MIDI specification
  3. ^ Windows XP RTP-MIDI driver download
  4. ^ Grame's website
  5. ^ common namespace within OSC
  6. ^ MMA Hosts HD-MIDI Discussion, MIDI Manufacturers Association.
  7. ^ Finally: MIDI 2.0, O'Reilly Digital Media Blog.

External links

Official MIDI Standards Organizations

Unofficial Sources

Other resources

Categories: MIDI

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Tue Jul 7 23:35:20 2009. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
[Hide]▲