Aleatoricism is the creation of art Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics by chance, exploiting the principle of randomness Closely connected with the concept of information entropy, randomness implies a lack of predictability. More formally, a random process is a repeating process whose outcomes follow no describable deterministic pattern, but follow a probability distribution, such that the relative probability of the occurrence of each outcome can be approximated or. The word derives from the Latin word alea, the rolling of dice A die or dice is a small polyhedral object, usually cubic, used for generating random numbers or other symbols. This makes dice suitable as gambling devices, especially for craps or sic bo, or for use in non-gambling tabletop games. It should not be confused with improvisation Improvisation is the practice of acting, singing, talking and reacting, of making and creating, in the moment and in response to the stimulus of one's immediate environment and inner feelings. This can result in the invention of new thought patterns, new practices, new structures or symbols, and/or new ways to act. This invention cycle occurs most.
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Literature
An example of aleatory writing is the automatic writing Automatic writing is the process or production of writing material that does not come from the conscious thoughts of the writer. Practitioners say that the writer's hand forms the message, with the person being unaware of what will be written. In some cases, it is done by people in a trance state. In others, the writer is aware of their of the French Surrealists Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a involving dreams Dreams are succession of images, thoughts, or emotions passing through the mind during rapid eye movement sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology, et cetera. The French literary group Oulipo Oulipo stands for "Ouvroir de littérature potentielle," which translates roughly as "workshop of potential literature." It is a loose gathering of (mainly) French-speaking writers and mathematicians, and seeks to create works using constrained writing techniques. It was founded in 1960 by Raymond Queneau and François Le for example saw no merit in aleatory work and its members altogether eliminated chance and randomness from their writing, substituting potentiality as in Raymond Queneau Raymond Queneau was a French poet and novelist and the co-founder of Ouvroir de littérature potentielle (Oulipo)'s Cent Mille Milliards de Poèmes (Hundred Thousand Billion Poems Raymond Queneau’s Hundred Thousand Billion Poems or One hundred million million poems , published in 1961, is a set of ten sonnets. They are printed on card with each line on a separated strip, like a heads-bodies-and-legs book[clarification needed]. As all ten sonnets have not just the same rhyme scheme but the same rhyme sounds, any lines from).[citation needed][clarification needed]
Luke Rhinehart's novel The Dice Man tells the story of a psychiatrist named Luke Rhinehart who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions about what to do based on a roll of a die.[citation needed].[1]
Charles Hartman discusses several methods of automatic generation of poetry in his book The Virtual Muse.[2]
Art
Aleatoric methods have been used in artistic composition for thousands of years, and were popularized in the early 20th century by the Dada Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art movement. In early Chinese literature, there is an intriguing story about the artist Wang Mo. "[The artist Wong Mo] excelled in splattering ink to paint landscapes. There was a good deal of wildness in him, and he loved wine. Whenever he wished to paint a hanging scroll, he would first drink, then after he was drunk he would splatter ink. Laughing or singing, he would kick at it with his feet or rub it with his hands. According to the forms and appearances, he would make mountains and rocks, clouds and water."[cite this quote] Leonardo DaVinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( pronunciation , April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled said "Look at walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of different kinds of stones. If you are about to invent some scenes, you will be able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, with valleys and various groups of hills."[cite this quote]
Using chance in artisic composition is making a resurgence in the 21st Century as artists discover the potential of new technology.[citation needed] Digital cameras A digital camera is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor, Photoshop Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation software, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry standard for graphics professionals" and was one of the, and computer generated random art programs have opened up a new world of possibilities for artists to use chance methods in their compositions.
Music
Main article: Aleatoric music Aleatoric music is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). The term is most often associated with procedures in which the chance element involves a relatively limited number of possibilitiesPierre Boulez Pierre Boulez (born March 26, 1925) is a French composer of contemporary classical music and conductor applied the term aleatoric music Aleatoric music is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). The term is most often associated with procedures in which the chance element involves a relatively limited number of possibilities to his own pieces to distinguish them from the indeterminate music Indeterminacy in music, which began early in the twentieth century in the music of Charles Ives, and was continued in the 1930s by Henry Cowell and carried on by his student, the experimental music composer John Cage beginning in 1951 , came to refer to the (mostly American) movement which grew up around Cage. This group included the other members of John Cage John Milton Cage Jr. was an American composer, philosopher, poet, music theorist, artist, printmaker, and amateur mycologist and mushroom collector. A pioneer of chance music, electronic music and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most, though both are often described as aleatory. While Boulez purposefully composed his pieces to allow the performer certain liberties with regard to the sequencing and repetition of parts, Cage often composed through the application of chance operations without allowing the performer liberties. Another prolific aleatory music composer is Karlheinz Stockhausen Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important (Barrett 1988, 45; Harvey 1975b, 705; Hopkins 1972, 33; Klein 1968, 117) but also controversial (Power 1990, 30) composers of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Another critic calls him "one of the great visionaries of 20th-.[3] Qubais Reed Ghazala, founder of the circuit-bending chance-music movement, is an important contemporary chance artist also pioneering aleatoric work in visual media (original techniques in suminagashi, dye migration, aperture shift photography).
Film
In film-making, there are several avant-garde examples; Andy Voda's "Chance Chants" (1979) was created completely using various chance operations (coin flip, choosing words out of a hat, a recorded "telephone game", the vagaries of tracing over drawings) in the decision-making for each creative choice. It was a three part film, the first part being a hand-made computer film, the second a visualization of Allison Knowles'[1] computer poem "House of Dust", and the third a visualization of evolution through a children's telephone game.
Fred Camper's SN (1984, first screening 2002)[4] uses coin-flipping to determine which three of 18 possible reels to screen and what order they should go in (4896 permutations).
Barry Salt, now better known as a film scholar, is known to have made a film, Permutations, six reels long which takes the word aleatory quite literally by including a customized die for the projectionist to roll to determine the reel order (720 permutations).[5]
Grant Patten utilizes an I Ching The I Ching , “Yì Jīng” (Pinyin), Classic of Changes or Book of Changes; also called Zhouyi, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. The book is a symbol system used to identify order in random events-inspired aleatory method to predict the date of his death in his short animation "The (Rough) Date of My Death" (2007).
References
- ^ Rhinehart, Luke (1971), The Dice Man, ISBN 0900735007
- ^ Hartman, Charles (1996), The Virtual Muse: Experiments in Computer Poetry, Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0819522392 (see especially pp. 54–64.)
- ^ Sabine Feisst, "Losing Control: Indeterminacy and Improvisation in Music Since 1950", New Music Box (1 March March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 305 days remaining until the end of the year 2002 2002 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar): § "Aleatory—Pierre Boulez".
- ^ Fred Camper, "SN, a film by Fred Camper", 2002.
- ^ Anon., "Six Reels of Film to Be Shown in Any Order (1971)", BFI Film & TV Database.
Categories: Artistic techniques
Eye Weekly, Canada
We have a very aleatory [chance-based] way of working so I think that's one reason why what we did has ended up sounding fresher than a lot of other stuff I've heard recently, says Wyatt. Without getting too analytical, there's a punk-rock thing in ...
Ione
Fri, 17 Apr 2009 13:16:00 GM
as it was meant to be heard! Check this perfectly-appropriate-for-the-whole-family YouTube video.
Q. Discuss the relationship aleatory has with both free jazz and abstract expressionism?
Asked by jordan l - Tue Mar 10 12:43:05 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Whats there to discuss? They are both forms of aleatory. Its pretty obvious that you are trying to get answers for your homework. I will give you a little tip. You should reference the Ornette Coleman album called "Free Jazz". The cover of the albums is a Jackson Pollack painting. The music and the art go perfectlytogetherr.
Answered by Teaim - Tue Mar 10 18:50:51 2009
